With the development of science and technology, we have to consider maximization of the benefit of ecological economy as well as the social benefit of relief rescue . The food emergency logistics operation needs to optimize resources, reduce the waste of resources, and realize both social benefit and economic benefit. The food emergency logistics system frame and food emergency logistics response model were established in this paper. The model considers the uncertain environment traffic, food quality and other influence factors. Some simulation calculations on food emergency logistics distribution based on particle swarm optimization were developed. The consequence indicates that the distribution scheme is feasible and effective, which is of important reference value for food emergency response and food surveillance.