The LuxS/AI-2 quorum sensing (QS) system mediates intraspecific and interspecific signals of lactic acid bacteria, among which autoinducer-2 (AI-2) is crucial for probiotic activities of lactic acid bacteria, including environmental stress tolerance, adhesion and colonization ability. However, the regulatory effect of LuxS/AI-2 QS system in the resistance of Lactobacillus plantarum to various environmental stresses still needs to be systematically studied. The production of the signaling molecule AI-2 and the transcription of QS key genes luxS and pfs of Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS 1.0328 under environmental stress were analyzed by biological study and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that acid stress could induce the production of signal molecule AI-2 and the transcription of luxS and pfs was significantly promoted under strong acid and alkali stress (P<0.05). Low temperature 25℃, high temperature 50℃ and hyperosmotic stress induced by mass fraction 6.0% NaCl and mass fraction 3.0% NaCl+3.0% KCl could significantly inhibit cell proliferation, acid production and signal molecule AI-2 production. The transcription of luxS and pfs was up-regulated under low temperature stress at 25℃. The transcription of luxS and pfs was up-regulated with the increase of hypertonic stress. Furthermore, L. plantarum KLDS 1.0328 was induced to produce more signal molecule AI-2 by nutrient stress. With the aggravation of nutrient stress, the transcription of luxS was significantly up-regulated. The transcription of luxS and pfs reached the highest level when the nutrient volume fraction was 20%, while the transcription of pfs was significantly inhibited when the nutrient substance was diluted to volume fraction 40%-60% (P<0.05). These results indicated that LuxS/AI-2 QS system had different variation patterns under various environmental stresses, and played an important role in the stress resistance of L. plantarum KLDS 1.0328.