Nutrient components of rice residue were determined using the rice as the control and rice residue protein extraction by the alkali dissolution enzymatic extraction process was explored. With protein extraction rate as the index, extraction conditions were determined by single factor test and the alkali dissolution enzymatic extraction process was optimized by orthogonal design. The linear model and the quadratic polynomial model were used to regression analysis. The experimental results showed that rice residue protein extraction conditions were alkali soluble solid-liquid ratio 1∶12 (g/mL), alkali soluble pH 12.5, enzymolysis solid-liquid ratio 1∶10 (g/mL), enzymolysis pH 10.0, and the alkaline protease amount of 2.0%. Under these optimum conditions, the protein extraction rate was 21.35%. Quadratic polynomial fitting equations could fit rice residue protein extraction process and the determination coefficient (R²) was 1.000.